Malcolm X

[KALKI]

Malcolm X


Malcolm X (born Malcolm Little; May 19, 1925 – February 21, 1965), also known as El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz,was an American Black Muslim minister and a one-time spokesman for the Nation of Islam.

After leaving the Nation of Islam in 1964, he went on a pilgrimage, the Hajj, to Mecca and became a Sunni Muslim; he also founded the Muslim Mosque, Inc. and the Organization of Afro-American Unity. Less than a year later, he was assassinated in Washington Heights on the first day of National Brotherhood Week.

Historian Robin D.G. Kelley wrote, "Malcolm X has been called many things: Pan-Africanist, father of Black Power, religious fanatic, closet conservative, incipient socialist, and a menace to society. The meaning of his public life — his politics and ideology — is contested in part because his entire body of work consists of a few dozen speeches and a collaborative autobiography whose veracity is challenged.... Malcolm has become a sort of tabula rasa, or blank slate, on which people of different positions can write their own interpretations of his politics and legacy. Chuck D of the rap group Public Enemy and Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas can both declare Malcolm X their hero."





Born May 19, 1925(1925-05-19)
North Omaha, Nebraska, U.S.
Died February 21, 1965 (aged 39)
New York, NY, U.S.

[KALKI]

References

^ El-Hajj is an honorific given to a Muslim who has completed the Hajj to Mecca.

^ Robin D.G. Kelley, "Malcolm X", Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience (New York: Basic Civitas Books, 1999), ISBN 0-465-00071-1.

^ David Haward Bain, The Old Iron Road: An Epic of Rails, Roads, and the Urge to Go West (Penguin Books, 2004, ISBN 0-14-303526-6), pp. 65-66.

^ The Autobiography of Malcolm X, p. 2.

^ The Autobiography of Malcolm X, pp. 2-3.

^ Bruce Perry, Malcolm: The Life of a Man Who Changed Black America (Station Hill Press, 1991, ISBN 0-88268-103-6), pp. 2, 4.

^ a b c d e Chronology of the Life and Activities of Malcolm X, Malcolm X: A Research Site.

^ Assassination of Malcolm X, Black Muslim, The Crime Library.

^ Malcolm X 1925-1965, Muslim American Society.

^ The Autobiography of Malcolm X, p. 11.

^ The Autobiography of Malcolm X, p. 11.

^ The Autobiography of Malcolm X, p. 36.

^ http://www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0,,1486997,00.html Malcolm X - gay black hero?, by Peter Tatchell, The Guardian; May 19, 2005

^ Transcript, Malcolm X: Make It Plain, American Experience, PBS.

^ Ferruccio Gambino, The Transgression of a Laborer: Malcom X in the Wilderness of America, Radical History, Winter 1993.

^ a b Mass Moments: Malcolm X Imprisoned, February 27, 1946.

^ FBI report, Malcolm K. Little [sic], May 4, 1953, p. 3. Available online, p. 7.

^ Malcolm X, OAAU Founding Rally.

^ Malcolm X Oxford Debate, Malcolm X: A Research Site.

^ National Extension College, A2 Government & Politics, Topic 4 – Race and ethnicity, p. 4.

^ In the Epilogue to The Autobiography of Malcolm X, Alex Haley wrote that Malcolm said, "Hold it! Hold it! Don't get excited. Let's cool it brothers." (p. 434.) According to a transcription of a recording of the shooting, Malcolm's only words were, "Hold it!", which he repeated 10 times. (Louis A. DeCaro, Jr., On the Side of My People: A Religious Life of Malcolm X (New York University Press, 1996, ISBN 0-8147-1864-7), p. 274.)

^ Ossie Davis, Eulogy delivered at the funeral of Malcolm X, Faith Temple Church Of God, February 27, 1965.

^ Martin Luther King, Jr., Telegram to Betty Shabazz, February 26, 1965.

^ Karl Evanzz, The Judas Factor: The Plot to Kill Malcolm X (Thunder's Mouth Press, 1992, ISBN 1-56025-049-6) p. 301.

^ Evanzz, p. 305.

^ Evanzz, p. 306.

^ Perry, p. 371.

^ Perry, p. 372.

^ a b Louis E. Lomax, To Kill a Black Man, (Holloway House, 1968, ISBN 0-87067-731-4), p. 198.

^ Evanzz, p. 294.